Parliamentarian soldiers at a tavern, c British Isles The English Civil War, as it is usually known, should really be seen as a wider conflict, as there were few areas of the British Isles which were not in some way affected.
Personal rule From to , King Charles I ruled without Parliament, denying its involvement in passing laws and authorising taxes. King Charles I in armour, cs. Religious differences England was largely a Protestant country. Crisis in Scotland In , Charles attempted to impose religious changes in Scotland.
Parliament recalled When Parliament met in , Charles expected to be granted money and support against the Scots. Two sides emerge Opposition to Royal policy was almost unanimous in Arrests In January , Charles was foiled in his attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament who led the opposition to his policies. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, c King Charles I raising his standard at Nottingham, March Start of the Bishops' Wars in Scotland.
February Needing money for his soldiers, Charles finally recalls Parliament. October Start of Irish Rebellion. The Battle of Edgehill, First Civil War, In the months that followed, armies loyal to the King and Parliament fought for control of key cities and strongholds all over the country.
Illustration of the armies before the Battle of Naseby, Spring Scottish Army of the Covenant invade England in support of Parliament, threatening Royalist position in the north.
Spring Creation of the New Model Army. Captain Richard Atkyns at the Battle of Lansdown, Taking sides The coming of the Civil War in divided friends, families, and local communities. Radical change Some saw the conflict as a way of achieving radical political, social and religious change. Colonel John Hutchinson, one of the commissioners who signed Charles I's death warrant, c Mrs Lucy Hutchinson, who tried to clear her husband's name after the restoration, c I think it clear, that every man that is to live under a Government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that Government; and I do think that the poorest man in England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that Government that he hath not had a voice to put himself under.
Raising armies England had no standing army in , yet both sides managed to raise and sustain large forces. Troop shortage By the end of , both sides were desperately short of soldiers and were forced to resort to local conscription. Horsemen of the New Model Army, New Model Army Formed in from the remains of three older Parliamentarian armies, the New Model Army was a radical departure from the past - a national fighting force not tied to a region or locality.
The Battle of Naseby, Buff coat of Major Thomas Sanders, s. Set of pikeman's armour, s. Soldiers' roles Known as the 'Foot', infantry were usually organised in regiments.
Officer's 'mortuary' sword, c A pair of flintlock rifled pistols, c Size Most armies fluctuated in size during the conflict as a result of losses and desertion, but usually numbered in the thousands.
Cavalryman's 'pot' helmet, c The Siege of Colchester by Lord Fairfax, General Sir Thomas Fairfax, c January Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament. Autumn Parliament unable to reach a settlement with Charles I who refuses demands for a constitutional monarchy.
December Charles I secretly negotiates for support in Scotland and elsewhere. March-July Royalist rising in South Wales. June Royalist rising in Essex. June-August Siege of Colchester. April New Model Army completes conquest of Ireland. General Oliver Cromwell taking Drogheda, General Oliver Cromwell, c The Battle of Worcester, Medal commemorating Cromwell's victory at Dunbar in Cost A recent estimate suggests that there were around , war-related deaths military and civilian in Britain during the conflicts - nearly 5 per cent of the population.
Legacy The Civil Wars ensured that kings and queens would never again be supreme in British politics. An early charitable campaign for 'relief of maimed soldiers', King Charles II, c Explore further.
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The courts became feared for their censorship of opposing religious views and were unpopular among the propertied classes for inflicting degrading punishments on gentlemen. For example, in William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick were pilloried, whipped, mutilated by cropping and imprisoned indefinitely for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets.
This was a disaster for Charles who had neither the money nor the men to fight a war. He rode north to lead the battle himself, suffering a crushing defeat that left Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham occupied by Scottish forces. Public demands for a Parliament were growing and Charles realised that whatever his next step was to be, it would require a financial backbone.
Being called upon to help King and country instilled a sense of purpose and power into this new Parliament. They now presented an alternative power in the country to the King. The two sides in the English Civil war had been established. The slide to war becomes more pronounced from this stage onwards.
That is not to say it was inevitable, or that the subsequent removal and execution of Charles I was even a notion in the heads of those who opposed him. However, the balance of power had begun to shift. Parliament wasted no time arresting and putting on trial the Kings closest advisers, including Archbishop Laud and Lord Strafford. Over the next year Parliament began to introduce increased emboldened demands, and by June these were too much for Charles to bear.
His bullish response in barging into the House of Commons and attempting to arrest five MPs lost him the last remnants of support among undecided MPs. The sides were crystallized and the battle lines were drawn. Above: King Charles preparing before the Battle of Edgehill. So the origins of the English Civil War are complex and intertwined. England had managed to escape the Reformation relatively unscathed, avoiding much of the heavy fighting that raged in Europe as Catholic and Protestant forces battled in The Thirty Year War.
However, the scars of the Reformation were still present beneath the surface and Charles did little to avert public fears about his intentions for the religious future of England.
Money had also been an issue from the outset, especially as the royal coffers had been emptied during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. These two points demonstrate the fact that Charles believed in his Divine Right, a right to rule unchallenged.
Through the study of money, religion and power at this time it is clear that one factor is woven through them all and must be noted as a major cause of the English Civil War; that is the attitude and ineptitude of Charles I himself, perhaps the antithesis of an infallible monarch.
The Battle of Edgehill on October 23rd was the first battle of the English Civil War — and is reputed to be contested again and again by ghostly armies at the battle site….
Related articles. King Charles I. The history of the legislative body—which meets in the Palace of Westminster in London—shows how it evolved almost organically, partly Civil War culture in America—both North and South—was greatly distinct from life in the antebellum years. The Civil War was a time of great social and political upheaval.
It was also a time of great technological change. Inventors and military men devised new types of weapons, such as the repeating rifle and the submarine, that forever changed the way that wars were fought. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. First English Civil War When civil war broke out in earnest in August , Royalist forces known as Cavaliers controlled northern and western England, while Parliamentarians or Roundheads dominated in the southern and eastern regions of the country.
Second English Civil War and execution of King Charles I Even in defeat, Charles refused to give in, but sought to capitalize on the religious and political divisions among his enemies.
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Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell was a political and military leader in 17th century England who served as Lord Protector, or head of state, of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland for a five-year-period until his death in Spying in the Civil War Though neither the Union nor the Confederacy had a formal military intelligence network during the Civil War, each side obtained crucial information from spying or espionage operations.
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