Restored as Hitler's puppet in northern Italy in , he drove Italy deeper into invasion, occupation, and civil war during and The end approached, but Mussolini struggled to survive. He was finally executed by a firing squad on April 28, , at Dongo in Como province.
Cassels, Alan. Mussolini's Early Diplomacy. Kirkpatrick, Ivone. Mussolini: A Study in Power. New York, Hawthorn Books, Mack Smith, Denis. New York: Knopf, Mussolini, Benito. Edited by Max Ascoli. New York: Farrar, Straus, My Rise and Fall.
New York: Da Capo Press, Ridley, Jasper Godwin. New York: St. Martin's Press, Toggle navigation. From Socialist to Fascist Mussolini deserted the Socialist Party in to cross over to the enemy camp, the Italian middle class. Fascist state Once in power, Mussolini took steps to remain there.
Mussolini's three wars In economic depression a decline in the production of goods because of a decline in demand, accompanied by rising unemployment arrived in Italy. Disaster and death In —41 Mussolini's armies, badly supplied and poorly led, suffered defeats from Europe across the Mediterranean to the African continent. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us!
Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany. His fascist agenda led to World War II and the deaths of at least 11 million people, including some six million Jews. Italian Jewish chemist Primo Levi survived a year at Auschwitz against all odds.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal led the nation through the Great Depression. Elected to four terms, his presidency helped ensure victory in World War II. Eva Braun was the mistress and later the wife of Adolf Hitler. Braun and Hitler killed themselves on April 30, , the day after their wedding — a decided alternative to falling into the hands of enemy troops. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general who crowned himself the first emperor of France.
His Napoleonic Code remains a model for governments worldwide. An assassination ended his reign on the Ides of March. He was killed in Socialist Party In , Mussolini moved to Switzerland to promote socialism.
The same year, all Communist members of Parliament were arrested, and all Socialist members expelled. Anyone who could not be prosecuted for a crime was detained for up to five years and placed in island internment camps. Cinemas were required to screen government propaganda in the form of newsreels. Fascists owned 66 percent of the newspapers and controlled reporting, issuing daily editorial guidelines and threatening editors with arrest.
The Order of Journalists was created and membership was mandatory. Newspapers were allowed to criticize the government as long as they generally expressed support.
Mussolini wrote an article in that aligned Italians with the German concept of the Aryan race. When anti-Jewish laws began to appear in Italy, Germany felt they were weak, but Mussolini was prepared to increase their severity as needed.
Soon after, Mussolini called for the expulsion of foreign Jews from Italy. Soon Holland and Belgium also fell to Hitler. Japan would join in September of with the signing of the Tripartite Pact.
Italy declared war on France and Great Britain on June 10, By , after years of fighting in World War II , Italy was viewed by its own citizens as losing the war.
On July 25, , Mussolini was voted out of power by his own Grand Council, arrested after a visit with the king and sent to the island of La Maddalena.
When Italy accepted the terms of secret peace talks with the Allies, Hitler ordered German forces into Italy, which resulted in two Italian nations, one occupied by Germans.
Allied forces barreled through Italy in June Mussolini attempted to flee to Spain with his lover, Claretta Petacci, but was discovered and arrested by partisans searching troop transport trucks. There are conflicting stories about how Mussolini died, but autopsy reports state the dictator was executed by firing squad on April 28, , shot by soldiers firing several bullets—with four of them near the heart—causing immediate death.
The bodies of both Mussolini and Petacci were hung upside down at the Piazzale Loreto in Milan and displayed for crowds to kick and spit on. One day later, Hitler committed suicide and the following week, Germany surrendered. His father was a blacksmith and an ardent Socialist; his mother taught elementary school.
His family belonged to the impoverished middle classes. Benito, with a sharp and lively intelligence, early demonstrated a powerful ego.
Violent and undisciplined, he learned little at school. In , at the age of 18, he took his diploma di maestro and then taught secondary school briefly. Voluntarily exiling himself to Switzerland , he formed a dilettante's culture notable only for its philistinism. Not surprisingly, Mussolini based it on Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Sorel, and Max Stirner, on the advocates of force, will, and the superego. Culturally armed, Mussolini returned to Italy in , rendered military service, and engaged in politics full time thereafter.
Mussolini became a member of the Socialist party in , and his politics, like his culture, were exquisitely bohemian. More Nietzschean than Marxist, Mussolini's socialism was sui generis, a concoction created entirely by himself. In Socialist circles, nonetheless, he first attracted attention, then applause, and soon widespread admiration. He "specialized" in attacking clericalism, militarism, and reformism. Mussolini urged revolution at any cost.
In each attack he was extremist and violent. But he was also eloquent and forceful. Mussolini occupied several provincial posts as editor and labor leader until he suddenly emerged in the Socialist Party Congress.
Shattering all precedent, he became editor of the party's daily paper, Avanti, at a youthful His editorial tenure during abundantly confirmed his promise. He wrote a new journalism, pungent and polemical, hammered his readership, and injected a new excitement into Socialist ranks. On the Socialist platform, he spoke sharply and well, deft in phrase and savage in irony.
The young Mussolini proved a formidable opponent. In a party long inert, bureaucratic, and burdened with mediocrity, he capitalized on his youth, offered modernity with dynamism, and decried the need for revolution in a moment when revolutionary ferment was sweeping the country. An opportunist to his bones, Mussolini early mastered the direction of the winds and learned quickly to turn full sail into them.
This much-envied talent led Mussolini to desert the Socialist party in and to cross over to the enemy camp, the Italian bourgeoisie. He rightly understood that World War I would bury the old Europe.
Upheaval would follow its wake. He determined to prepare for "the unknown. He drew close to the new forces in Italian politics, the radicalized middle-class youth, and made himself their national spokesman. Mussolini developed a new program, substituting nationalism for internationalism, militarism for antimilitarism, and the aggressive restoration of the bourgeois state instead of its revolutionary destruction. He had thus completely reversed himself.
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